Identifying Indicators of Psychological Well-being in Older Adults Living Alone: A Qualitative Study

Abstract

This study aimed to identify the indicators of psychological well-being in older adults living alone by exploring their lived experiences through a qualitative approach. This research employed a qualitative phenomenological design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 elderly participants living alone in Tehran. Participants were selected using purposive sampling and interviews continued until theoretical saturation. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed using NVivo software. The analysis involved open, axial, and selective coding, and credibility was ensured through participant review and peer coding. Data analysis yielded four major themes: (1) sense of meaning and purpose, (2) social connection and support, (3) independence and self-efficacy, and (4) inner peace and contentment. Each theme encompassed several subthemes reflecting diverse aspects of psychological well-being, including life storytelling, emotional support, autonomous decision-making, and gratitude. The findings indicate that psychological well-being in older adults living alone is a multidimensional construct shaped by both internal and external factors. Designing psychosocial interventions focused on enhancing social ties, spirituality, and autonomy can significantly improve their quality of life.