Examining Defense Mechanisms Based on Repressed Anger in Patients With Passive-Aggressive Behavior

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the subjective experiences of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder focusing on their emotional identity duality. A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 27 patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder in Tehran. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were analyzed using Nvivo software with open, axial, and selective coding techniques. Data analysis revealed three main categories: identity conflict, emotional instability, and maladaptive coping mechanisms. Patients reported identity confusion, oscillations between feelings of self-worth and worthlessness, intense emotional dependency, and fear of abandonment. Additionally, severe mood swings, impulsive behaviors, and maladaptive coping strategies such as self-harm and avoidance of stressful situations were prominent. The findings indicate that emotional identity duality and emotional instability are key dimensions of the lived experience of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder, significantly affecting their quality of life and treatment outcomes. Addressing these dimensions in therapeutic interventions may enhance psychological treatment effectiveness.