Exploring the Inner Dimensions of Cognitive Dynamics in the Process of Chronic Self-Criticism: A Qualitative Study

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore the inner dimensions of cognitive and emotional dynamics in the process of chronic self-criticism and to elucidate the lived experiences of individuals affected by this phenomenon. This qualitative study utilized a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 25 adults residing in Tehran who reported chronic self-criticism. Participants were selected purposefully until theoretical saturation was achieved, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis with the assistance of NVivo software. The analysis revealed that the dynamics of chronic self-criticism manifested in three main categories: critical self-talk (mental rumination, social comparison, perfectionism, self-blaming statements), the emotional cycle of self-criticism (shame, anxiety, guilt, hopelessness), and cognitive-behavioral consequences (low self-esteem, social avoidance, procrastination, unhealthy compensatory efforts). Participants consistently reported experiences such as repetitive error reviewing, fear of failure, need for external validation, and persistent feelings of worthlessness. Understanding the inner dimensions and cognitive-emotional dynamics of chronic self-criticism can inform the development of targeted clinical interventions to reduce negative mental rumination, increase self-compassion, and improve mental health.